Moarte psihică

Moartea eului sau moartea psihică este o „pierdere completă a identității de sine”.^[1] Termenul este folosit în diferite contexte interconectate, cu înțelesuri corelaționate. În psihologia jungiană este utilizat termenul sinonim moartea psihică, care se referă la o transformare fundamentală a psihicului.^[2] În mitologia morții și a renașterii, moartea eului este o fază a renunțării de sine și a trecerii,^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] așa cum este descrisă de Joseph Campbell în cercetările sale cu privire la călătoria eroului mitic.^[3] Ea este o temă recurentă în mitologia universală și este folosită, de asemenea, ca metaforă în unele componente ale gândirii occidentale contemporane.^[6]

În descrierea experiențelor psihedelice, termenul este folosit ca sinonim cu pierderea eului,^[7]^[8]^[1]^[9] pentru a se referi la pierderea (temporară) a identității de sine ca urmare a utilizării unor droguri psihedelice.^[10]^[11]^[1] Termenul a fost folosit ca atare de Timothy Leary și alții^[1] pentru a descrie moartea eului^[12] în prima fază a halucinației produse de consumul de LSD, în care are loc o „transcendență completă” a eului^{[note 1]} și o „dedublare a personalității”.^{[note 2]}^[13] Conceptul este utilizat, de asemenea, în spiritualitatea contemporană și în abordarea modernă a religiilor orientale pentru a descrie o pierdere permanentă a „atașamentului față de identitatea de sine” și a egocentrismului.^[14] Această concepție are un rol esențial în învățăturile promovate de Eckhart Tolle, în care eul este prezentat ca o acumulare de gânduri și emoții, și numai prin eliberarea conștiinței individuale se poate realiza eliberarea de suferință (în sensul budist al termenului).^[15]

Dezvoltarea conceptului

Conceptul de „moartea eului” a fost dezvoltat de mai multe școli și curente de gândire, mai ales de mișcări romantice^[16] și subculturi,^[17] în teosofie,^[18] cercetări antropologice privind riturile de trecere^[19] și șamanismul,^[17] mitologia comparată a lui Joseph Campbell,^[4]^[5]^[6]^[3] psihologia jungiană,^[20]^[3] experimentele psihedelice din anii 1960^[21] și psihologia transpersonală.^[22]

Note

^ Leary et al.: "The first period (Chikhai Bardo) is that of complete transcendence − beyond words, beyond space−time, beyond self. There are no visions, no sense of self, no thoughts. There are only pure awareness and ecstatic freedom from all game (and biological) involvements."^[13]
^ Leary et al.: ""Games" are behavioral sequences defined by roles, rules, rituals, goals, strategies, values, language, characteristic space−time locations and characteristic patterns of movement.^[13]

Referințe

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Johnson, Richards & Griffiths 2008.
^ Ventegodt & Merrick 2003, p. 1021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Taylor 2008, p. 1749.
^ ^a ^b Plotkin 2010, p. 467, note 1.
^ ^a ^b Rosen 1998, p. 228.
^ ^a ^b ^c Atkinson 1995, p. 31.
^ Leary, Metzner & Alpert 1964, p. 14.
^ Merkur 1998, p. 58.
^ Dickins 2014, p. 374.
^ Merkur 1998, p. 60.
^ Harrison 2010.
^ Leary, Metzner & Alpert 1964, p. 12.
^ ^a ^b ^c Leary, Metzner & Alpert 1964, p. 5.
^ White 2012, p. 7.
^ Tolle, Eckhart (1999). The Power of Now. San Francisco Bay: 1997 (Namaste Publishing) 1999 (New World Library). p. 236. ISBN 978-1-57731-152-2.
^ Merkur 2014, p. 211.
^ ^a ^b Merkur 2014, p. 212.
^ Reynolds 1989, p. 72-73, 78.
^ Taylor 2008, p. 1748-1749.
^ Rosen 1998, p. 226.
^ Merkur 2014, p. 219-221.
^ Grof 1988.

Bibliografie

Surse tipărite

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Lectură suplimentară

Penner, James (2014), Timothy Leary: The Harvard Years: Early Writings on LSD and Psilocybin with Richard Alpert, Huston Smith, Ralph Metzner, and others, Inner Traditions / Bear & Co
Henderson, Joseph Lewis; Oakes, Maud (1963), The Wisdom of the Serpent: The Myths of Death, Rebirth, and Resurrection, Princeton University Press
Grof, Stanislav; Halifax, Joan (1977), The Human Encounter With Death (PDF), Dutton
Merton, Thomas (2010), Transcendent Experience. Who Is It Who Has Transcendent Experiences? In: Merton, "Zen and the Birds of Appetite", New Directions Publishing
Low, David (1990), „The Nonduality of Life and Death: A Buddhist View of Repression”, Philosophy East and West, 40 (2): 151–174, doi:10.2307/1399226 Mai multe valori specificate pentru |DOI= și |doi= (ajutor)

Legături externe

Spiritualitate

Osho, "Ego - The False Center"
The Almaasery, "Ego Death" Arhivat în 6 martie 2016, la Wayback Machine.
Dr. Sara Kendall Gordon (Pralaya) (2013), Reconsidering Ego Death and the False Self, Undivided, The Online Journal of Nonduality and Psychology Arhivat în 9 februarie 2017, la Wayback Machine.

Depersonalizare

Depersonalisation versus Enlightenment talk by Shinzen Young, and first-hand narratives of experiences of DP/DR and "non-ego"
You Do NOt Exist: A Look Inside Ego Death Arhivat în 16 februarie 2018, la Wayback Machine.
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder or Zen/Emptiness Sickness - Part One Arhivat în 10 noiembrie 2017, la Wayback Machine.

Auto-ajutor

maryplaza.com, Signs, symptoms, and how to manage an ego-death Arhivat în 19 aprilie 2008, la Wayback Machine.

Modă

Clothing brand based on the concept of ego death

[def_ego-loss-14] Leary et al.: "The first period (Chikhai Bardo) is that of complete transcendence − beyond words, beyond space−time, beyond self. There are no visions, no sense of self, no thoughts. There are only pure awareness and ecstatic freedom from all game (and biological) involvements."^[13]

[def_game-15] Leary et al.: ""Games" are behavioral sequences defined by roles, rules, rituals, goals, strategies, values, language, characteristic space−time locations and characteristic patterns of movement.^[13]

[FOOTNOTEJohnsonRichardsGriffiths2008-1] Johnson, Richards & Griffiths 2008.

[FOOTNOTEVentegodtMerrick20031021-2] Ventegodt & Merrick 2003, p. 1021.

[FOOTNOTETaylor20081749-3] Taylor 2008, p. 1749.

[FOOTNOTEPlotkin2010467,_note_1-4] Plotkin 2010, p. 467, note 1.

[FOOTNOTERosen1998228-5] Rosen 1998, p. 228.

[FOOTNOTEAtkinson199531-6] Atkinson 1995, p. 31.

[FOOTNOTELearyMetznerAlpert196414-7] Leary, Metzner & Alpert 1964, p. 14.

[FOOTNOTEMerkur199858-8] Merkur 1998, p. 58.

[FOOTNOTEDickins2014374-9] Dickins 2014, p. 374.

[FOOTNOTEMerkur199860-10] Merkur 1998, p. 60.

[FOOTNOTEHarrison2010-11] Harrison 2010.

[FOOTNOTELearyMetznerAlpert196412-12] Leary, Metzner & Alpert 1964, p. 12.

[FOOTNOTELearyMetznerAlpert19645-13] Leary, Metzner & Alpert 1964, p. 5.

[FOOTNOTEWhite20127-16] White 2012, p. 7.

[17] Tolle, Eckhart (1999). The Power of Now. San Francisco Bay: 1997 (Namaste Publishing) 1999 (New World Library). p. 236. ISBN 978-1-57731-152-2.

[FOOTNOTEMerkur2014211-18] Merkur 2014, p. 211.

[FOOTNOTEMerkur2014212-19] Merkur 2014, p. 212.

[FOOTNOTEReynolds198972-73,_78-20] Reynolds 1989, p. 72-73, 78.

[FOOTNOTETaylor20081748-1749-21] Taylor 2008, p. 1748-1749.

[FOOTNOTERosen1998226-22] Rosen 1998, p. 226.

[FOOTNOTEMerkur2014219-221-23] Merkur 2014, p. 219-221.

[FOOTNOTEGrof1988-24] Grof 1988.

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